Dhacdadii Sanadkii Dayuuradaa Iyo sabababii ka danbeeyay Part II

Taleex oo Cidlo ah markay carareen ay dabada sii jeediyeen Dooxatadii Daraawiish Ku Sheeg.

Duulaankii Hagoogane 1921

Major Xaaji Muuse Faarax Igre

Qalcadii Taleex iyo Ciidankii u watay Adam Gib isagoo u la socodo Mahdi Cabdulle Xasan oo Daraawiishta ka soo hor jeestay maalimii ugu danbaysay. waa sawir laga qaaday Taleex isla maalintii la qabsaday, Ciidankaas aad arkaysaan waa ciidankii Adan Gib

Somaalidu inkastooy yihiin qawmiyad dhan oo dal madax banaan ku nool hadana waxay ka mid yihiin umadaa aan waxna qorin waxna akhriyin inta badan, oo jecel inay aduunkaba ku maqalaan "sheeko" dhagaana ku maalaan, umad dhan oo kor u dhaaftay 20 million hadana hal abuurkooda qalin fara ku tiris yihiin, somaalidu dhaqan ahaan ama wahsi haka ahaato ama dhaqan haka ahaatee cilmi kaste waxay jecelyiin in isagoo sida BBC u dhurmaya oo cod ah ay dhagaystaan.Waxad arkaysaa makhaayad magaalo ama waab miyi dadyow fara badan oo jaraaiid hor yaalo hal nina u tebinayo warka inta kale ee garab fadhida ayagoo mid kastaaba akhrisan karo hadna marna isku taxalijyeyn inay iskood u akhristaan ,waxay aad u xiiseeyan "waxan maqlay, ama igu maqaal ah" halkay umadaa aduunkaee hor maray aad u tix galiyaan "wuxu jaraaid heblaayo sheegay ama buug hebel qoray sida" ka dibna qoraal ahaan keydka taariikhida u galo. Aad ayay xataa u yartay qoraaga somali in buugaagtey qoreen somalidu iibsadaan ooy akhristaan.

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Hadaynu nahay somali waxa inaga dhaadhacsan in dalka Ingriisku iska yimi awalna somalidu ahayd umad madax banaanayd, se ma ahayn taariikhdu sidaas.Somalidu waxay mar kaste ka soo qaataan Isiticmaarka Gaalka Cad markay ka hadlayaan Isticmaar, waxa se ka horeeyay Isticmaarkii Turkishka oo somalida iyo umada Muslinkaba ula dhaqmi jiray si kaba sii xun gaalada. Abd Al Qadir Pasha oo hogaaminaayay ciidamadii Turkishka ayaa 1867kii Berbera ka taagay calanka Turkishka oo hoos keenay Somalia mustacmarad Turkish empire , 1875kii na ilaa Harar ka taagay calankii Turkishka. Istcimaarka European ka 80 sanadood ayuu somalia ka arimanaayay Isticmaarkii Turkishkana muda intaas leeg ooy ugu dhanabaysay 1884kii Turkishka oo si toos ahugu wareejiyay xeebaa somalia Ingiriiska , waa midh ay somalidu badankood diraasad xumo awgeed ay u hilmaamaan mar kaste.

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Sarkaalkii ugu horeeyay ee udubka u asla isticmaarka Ingiriiska Walsh, Langton Prendergast, 1889-1912 wuxu buugiisa Under the Flag and Somali Coast Stories si cad uga shekaynayaa siday Turkishku ula shaqeyn jireen Isticmaarka cusub ayagoo soo dhawaynaya , ilaa somalidii manduubka uga ahayd Turkishka magaalada Berbera ay hoos keenayaan Ingiriiska sida Manduubka Turkishka ee Berbera Maxamed Xaaji Sharmaarke Xaaji Saalax oo ahaa manduubkii ugu danbeeyay ee Turkishka magaalada Berbera.
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Turkishka waxay ka haluuleen Somalia dhamaadkii 1870 ciidmadoodu ka dib markii Mahdiyintii Sudan bilaabeen muqaawamada ay kaga soo hor jeedeen maamulka Ingiriiska , ayagoo Turkishku garab siinayo Ingiriiska sababtaa awgeed ayay ciidankoodii ugala baxeen Somalia si ay dagaalka Sudan uga qeyb qaataan. Dhamaadkii 1880 ayaa Sudan waxa lagu jabiyay hadhaagii ugu danbeeyay ee Mahdist firxad fara badan oo le Mahdiyiin iyo Sunuusisiyiin ( Muqaawamadii Libiya ee Cumar Al Mukhtaar) ayaa caalamka Islaam u kala qaxay. 1887 markay Ingiriisku heshiisayada yaryar een lahayn wax aqoonsi ah la galeen gancsatada Berbera,Karin, Maydh,Shalcow, Laas Qori iyo Zaylac ay ku tilmaameen heshiisyo Qabaail , ayadoo la wada ogyahay inaan 2 nin oo Cali Siciid ah oo Maydh dagan iyo 2 Sacad Yoonis ah oo Shalacow jooga iyo 4 Muuse Care ah oo Maydh jooga aanay matalin reerkay u saxeexeen heshiiska ee Habar Yoonis ,ama, 9 gancasato oo Habar Jeclo oo Cadan jooga aanay matalin Habar Jeclo ( Fiiri heshiisayada Major Hunter ee lagu magacaabay heshiis qabiil iyo Ingiriis).

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Waxay Ingiirksu iyo Turkishkaba ka caban jireen bilowgii Isticmaarka xarakada Sanuusi iyo ta Mahdi oo somalia ilaa miyiga ka jirtay oo nimankaas wadaada ah Somalida ku gubaabin jiray inay la dagaalamaan Gaalada . Salaadiinta Sunuusiga iyo Mahdiyiinta aadu soo dhaweeyay 1880-1899kii waxa ka mid ahaa Suldaan Nuur Amaan waagi danbna noqday suldaanka kali ah ee Daraawiishta soo dhaweeyay duulaano fara badna ka qeyb qaatay sida dagaalkii Firdhin oo Dhulbahnate oo gaalo wataan kula hirdameen daraawiishta goobtaas oo ciidanka Ingiiiriska ah oo 350 askari oo Dhulbahnate ah hogaaminayeen:

1-Major Benyon
2-Captain Friedrichs
3-Lieutenant Walsh

Halka ciidanka Daraawiishtana ay hogaaminayeen dagaalkii ugu horeeyay ee Firdhidin :

1- Xaaji Suudi "Darwiish Axmed Warsame" (H.Jeclo)
2- Ina Cabdalle Xasan (Ogadeen)
3- Suldaan Nuur Amaan. (H.Yoonis)
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Wax Daraawiish ku sheega dagaal ugu horeeyay kaas Firdhidin waxaba hadii laysku wada qaado mudo ka yarayd 4 sanadood ayuu "ku dhafoo carar" dagaal ah oo tuur tuur ah dhex mareen kooxdii dooxatada ahayd iyo ciidamo somali iyo ciidamo ajnabi.

1- Firdhidin

2-Gumburo

3- Daraatoole

4- Jidbaale oo ugu danbeeyay oo dhamaaday 1904kii.

Mudadaadaa 4taas sandood mooyaane 16 sanadood ee kale Daraawiish sanad kaste qabiilada somalia ayay dagaal boob iyo dhac ah ku qaadi jireen ama qabiilada somali baa ka aar goosan jiray. Dagaaladaas waxa ka mid ah:

1- Dayax Weerar

2- Gunde Gooye

3- Ilko Cad

4- Kal Xoor

5- Gebogabo

6- Ilig Daldala

7- Baladhiig

8-Buraan

9- Hagoogane

10-Caado

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Lama odhan karo Daraawiishtu waxay bilaabeen wax cusub, Magaca Daraawiish waa magacii Mahdiyiintii Sudan ay keeneen Somalia dhamaadkii 1880gii, duubka cad/cas iyo dharka Carabtaba Xaaji Suudi oo joogi jiray Sudaan baa ku soo kordhiyay qalabka Daraawiishta, eriga Khusuusi waa eri af Carabi ah oo somalidu taqaanay oo Gurtida gaarka ah ee talada goysa ku tilmaamijireen sidii 7dii Khusuusi ee suldaan Xirsi Amaan 1824-1879 , lamana odhan karo dad aan waxba ogayn bay toosiyeen , somalidu se Gaalka xeebta dagan waxay ka necbaayeen Xabshida galbeedka ka xigta iyo Turkishkii ka horeeyay , oo Gaal xeebta dagan halis weyn umay arkayn.
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Kacaankii Maxamed Afweyne oo maal badan u huray taariikh abuuris Gacan Ku Rimis ah oo ujadeedu tahay dooxatadii Daraawiish hala "Daaroodeeyo" oo halaga dhigo halgan reerka Daaroodki ku fanaan Somalida kalana lagu duro.Waxa taariikhdaas loo adeegsaday oo lagu xalaaleeyay somali badan oo Qaranimadu ku fogtay oo aad ugu daacad ahaa Somalinimada sida Xaaji Muuse Galaal iyo abwaano badan oo xumadii 1960gii la fogaatay oo maansooyinkooda ku soo daray dooxatadii Daraawiishta isu bixisay.

Waxa la yaab ah Daaroodkii Daraawiishta ka firdhan jiray oo aad u necebaa dhiig miiratdaas oo gabyaagoodii la jiilka ahaa Daraawiishta 1899-1921 sida:

1- Cali Dhuux Adan Gurayo (Dhulos)
2- Qamaan Bulxan Yuusuf(Ogaadeen)
3- Xarbi Ismaaciil Dheere( Ogaadeen)
4- Bidhiidh( Dhulos)
5- Cilmi Raage (Ogaadeen).

Nina amaanin oo mid kaste ka qabay fikrad ahaan waxay somalida kaleba ka qabto ayaa wixii ka danbeeyay 1974kii marku ninka la yidhaahdo Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise ku qaatay qandaraaska xaaraanta ah keydinta iyo qurxinta taariikhdii madoobayd ee Daraawiishta, Akaadimiyada Fanka Iyo Suugaanta kaligii loo xil saaray ,ayaa waxa shaac baxay dabayl jacayl oo Daaroodkii jiillalkan danbe ahaa lagu soo jiitay qabyaalad iyo colaad horin ka dhan ah qabiilada kale Dir , Hawiye iyo Isaaqba , ayadoo ahayad tiirka ka danbeeyay qorista buuga odayga Kaabo Qabiil Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise ay ahayd in Daraawiishta la Daaroodeeyo oo xumaantoodii oo dhan laga dhigo "khayr" ay garan waayeen Somalidu wixii ku lidka ahaana laga dhigo Somalida kale oon Daarood ku jirin. Halku odayga Hayaag ee Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise ku dadaalayay in aan haba yaraatee wax lagu faano mooyaane inaan wax run ah laga qorin taariikhda Daraawiishta. Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise heerku qabyaalad ka gaadhay isagoo reerku ka soo jeedaba 99% Daraawiish ka soo hor jeedeen oo dagaalkii ugu horeeyay ba ayagoo Ingiiriis wato dhex maray dooxatadii Daraawiishta iyo reerk Dhulbahnate oo 350 fardoolay ah oo hogaaminayaan 3 gaal fooda laysku daray tuulada Garoowe u dhow ee Firdhidin, ayaa hadana marna xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee Daraawiishta buugiisa kaga hadal oo mar kaste ka dhigayaa Dhulbahnate inay wada ahaayeen Taabiciiyiin muxaafida ah oo ah askar indho iyo dhago l'a oo Ustaadka ku saliya.

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Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise 2diisii buug ee Maxamed Afweyne shaanbada kacaanka ugu dhuftay hadii diraasad lagu sameeyo oo la barbar dhigo qoraaladii ugu horeeyay ee Ingiriisku qoray sida:

1- Douglas Jardin ,The Mad Mullah Of Somaliland.
2-In the Grip of the Mullah. A Tale of Adventure in Somaliland.
3- Sun Sand and Somal, Henry Rayne.

Farqiga u dhexeeya qof kaste waa dareemi karaa, markay lid ku tahay ujeedada Daaroodaysan sidii dagaalkii Taleex , markaste Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise waa ka leexiyaa xaqiiqada si aanu barnaamijku is burin. Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise oo waayadan danbe huwan hulaab Somalinimo burburkii dawladii Maxamed Afweyne ka dib ayaa hada wuxu isku difaacaa inu waagaas u waxan keydinaayay aanu meelo fara badan wax ka eegin oo "jibo" haysay "ama Saar Daraawiish", Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise marna ma waraysan Somalidii kale ee Daraawiishta soo gaadhay ama Daraawiishtaba ka mid ahaa sida :

1- Maxamud Daallin (1860-1990)
2- Darwiish Cabdi Warsame "Dheere" 1878-1986.
3- Sheeko Xariir.

Aw Jaamac taas ka sokow marna taariikh ku sheegiisa uma soo adeegsan daliil ka baxsan sheekooyinka odayaasha reerkiisa ah marku soo daliishadana waa mar ay u haboontay oo tiisa u rabo daryeelaysa "selective refrences".

Inkastoo aad loo buunbuuniyo Daraawiish ku sheega oo la yidhaahdo Gaalay la dagalaami jireen 20 sanadood , xaqiiqadu waxa weeyaan wax ka yar 3 sanadood iyo 4 isku tuur tuur oo u badnaa ku dhufo oo ka dhaqaaq bay Daraawiish iyo ciidamadii Somali iyo Ingiriis isku haleeleen. Mudadu dagaalku socday waxay ahayd 1901-1904 dagaalna kama danbayn 1904kii oo Daraawiishtu waxay hoos tageen Muxamiyada Talyaaniga ooy heshiis la galeen ka dibna Duflaal Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan iyo ninkii Daraawiishta u xaajoonayay ee Xaaji Cabdilaahi Shixiri ku dhawaaqeen heshiis ah " I and My People are the Italian people" aniga iyo umadayduba waa umad Talyaani. Halkaas ayuu ku dhamaaday wixii u bixiyay Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise "jihaad" isaga iyo odayga Faarax Idaajaa oo isna BBC da ka afuufi jiray Taariikhda Kacaanku jeclaa inay Somalida maqashiiyaan ooy ka dhaadhicyaan , Idaajaa waa ninka ku caan baxay BBC da in u sheeko kaste iyo gabay Kaste u badiyo Daarood oo u xataa marku Daaroodka kale hadal hayo xoogaa yar oo 2 Mareexaan ah ku dhex tuuro oo marmarka qaarkiiba ilaaabo ujeedu u socday 15ka midhidhna kaga dhamaadaan isagoo Faarax Afcad ama hebelo kale oo Mareexaan ah dhex xulaya.

Duluucda qoraalkan ma aha in si faafaahsan aan uga hadlo taariikhdii dooxatada Daraawiish, se ayadoo kooban baan marka hore hordhac ahaan umuyaa u maqashiin ka dibna dhacdaddi Taleex iyo dagaalkii Hagoogane ee ugu danbeeyay ku soo af jari.

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Part 1

Amina Boqor Maxamed Boqor Cusmaan iyo Jeycalkeedii Gaalkii Dougls Collin 1944.

Sawir Gacmeed u Dougls Collin ku cabiray Amina Boqor Maxamed Boqor CusmaanAmiina herself broke the spell by whispering, 'War, Abdi Melik, awa wa addo' (Oh, how the moon shines), and then kissing me passionately,'Oh my God, I love thee'. Drunk with happiness, I replied with a long, slow kiss, 'I love thee too, Amiina'.he brilliant moon now riding high above bathed us both in her friendly light. Drawing my lungi over us we slept, lulled to sleep by the trade winds whispering in the palms, and the incessant breaking of the surf.All too soon from the Suacron fishing village behind us a cock-crowheralded the false dawn and Amiina stirred sleepily in my arms. 'Abdi Melik,' she whispered, 'I si, I si' (give me, give me). Her lips parted and her kisses infused me with a passion more than I could bear, soon, too soon to be extinguished as love itself rested. Urgently now the cock crowed its strident reveille again. The sun's first blush peeped above the sea. Pulling Amiina protestingly to her feet I stripped in a second whilst she disrobed, letting fall her shift as she looked shyly at me, a bronze aphrodite. Hand in hand we ran to the sea, splashing through the shallows and surf, then swimming on to a wrecked dhow where we rested, panting with exhilaration and laughing with the joy of being young and in love. 'Ahalki an tagno' (let us return), I smiled at her. 'Edinku sidas shada, eg! wainu ta-gaina' (Say ye so? lo, we go), she laughed, diving in the shining waves and heading for the beach.We dressed quickly and ran up to the house, past the astonished sentry, who gave me a belated butt salute as we went by, and so began my love affair with Amiina.
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During these ecstatic nights I would teach her English, giving her simple exercises to do whilst I worked in the office by day. From Amiina I learnt much of the folk-lore of the Somalis; that the legendary figures of the Somali race, Darod and Isshak, came from Arabia, and she herself claimed to be able to trace her ancestry to these Arabian aristocrats. Amiina possessed all the physical beauty rhapsodied by the younger set of advanced Somali poets in their short love-poems, the 'belwo'. A poet will often write some of his best 'belwo' to an un-approachable beauty knowing that his love for her is hopeless—perhaps because of his financial standing or because of his inferior tribe. He would base his romantic love on the curve of a breast or the nicker of an eyelash.These Somali love-poems are mostly of physical love, passionate and sincere. It is not done to use vulgar expressions, thereby offending public taste. It must be remembered that poetry requires no special materials nor carrying space other than the talent of the composer, which is carried in his memory. Since the Somali is continually moving his tents in the search for grazing and water this is important, for he must carry as little equipment as possible on his burden camels. Also poetry costs nothing —quite a factor to the nomadic Somali in his insecure and poor life. Generally, marriages are not undertaken lightly by Somalis and are mostly arranged Vy the parents with a view to mutual financial advantages. . The arrangements are complex and are decided upon by the man con¬cerned, the girl's father and also the tribal Akils or elders. Much must be arranged and then settled; the bride-price ('yarad'), the token payment made ('gabati) by the man on his engagement and the percentage ne has to find of his estate, the 'mehr', which is made out to his wife on marriage. A dowry, or ('dibat') is given to the couple by the bride's family. Usually the girl before marriage is gentle and very beautiful, but after marriage, like her European sister, she generally develops into a shrew, becoming irritable and a nagger. The reason for this is that her position is caused by economic necessity as well as tradition. Her status is decidedly inferior to that of man. For this reason I think many Somali women prefer European amourettes, for unlike the Somali, who if he treated his wife with unusual thoughtfuhiess, would be laughed at by the rest of his tribe, the European would show her that kindness and consideration he normally shows to his own women, to which the Somali girl is unaccustomed. And so it was with Amiina and myself, for in my love-making I showed her all the gentle intimacies of love without the lustful passion she alone would have known otherwise.
During the long evenings I took delight in composing poems to her, as close to the Somali 'balwo' as I could get, and in one of them I described her charms:
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'As lovely as a dhow at sea
Thy young beauty is to rne, Tall, with all the gerenuk's grace,
A daughter of the Darod race.
Black hair, fine as gossamer thread, Eyes that speak of things unsaid High cheek-bones with straight nose On thy mouth—the desert rose.
God was with him and in the morning when he awoke, the dry bones were covered with meat. The next night he left the bones again in the cave and in the morning they were clad with flesh. 'He lived thus for many weeks. 'Then it came to pass that one day he saw a girl with her flocks. He went to meet her and she told him her name was Donbirro, and she was the daughter of Dir, the son of Irrir, and lived in a near-by village. Darod asked her if she would like him to water the flocks for her and she replied that this was impossible since the nearest well was many days' walk away. Then Darod took her sheep and goats and watered them at his own well. Donbirro came every day to the place where Darod lived. Every day she gave him milk from the sheep and goats of her flock and every day Darod watered the flocks at his well, Donbirro was a beautiful girl, tall and of good bearing, with soft and lovely features. Darod fell in love with her and wanted her for his wife.'But one day Donbirro's father grew curious and asked the girl why the flocks would not take water when they returned to the village. Donbirro did not reply.
The next day, therefore, Dir, the father of Donbirro, set out with a young man from the tribe to follow the girl when she went out with the flocks. When they found Donbirro she was talking with Darod, near the well, and the flocks having been watered, were resting near by. When Darod saw the two men he feared for his life, and climbed a huge tree that stood close by the well, having first covered the mouth of the well with a large flat stone. That tree is known as "Lanta Ful" (the branch he climbed) and is standing even now.
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The father of Donbirro approached with the other man of the tribe, and when they saw the girl and Darod, they were very angry. Then they saw the well, and the flocks resting, and they coveted the well for the use of their tribe, and wished to take it away from Darod. 'The two men strove to take away the stone from the well, but Darod was beloved of God and they could not move it. Then they called for Darod to come down from the tree, but Darod, knowing they meant him evil, refused. 'Finally, Dir, the father of Donbirro, asked Darod what price he would take to come down from the tree and remove the heavy stone from the well, so that the tribe might use the water. Darod replied that he would come down and remove the stone and give the well to the tribe for their own use, if Dir, the father of Donbirro, would let him marry the girl. 'Then the father of Donbirro told Darod he might have the girl, and so Darod consented to descend from the tree. But Darod told the two men that if he jumped he would break his bones. Therefore he asked the men to come and stand beneath the tree so that he might step down on their shoulders. The one man, proud and haughty, refused, but Dir, who was the head of the tribe, came and stood beneath the tree, and Darod stepped on his shoulders and came down to the ground, and that was a sign of peace between them.'And Darod approached the well, where lay the flat stone which the two men could not move, and he kicked it away lightly with one foot. And the tribesmen were amazed.
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'Then Darod married Donbirro, and from her he had five sons, and Darod lived out his life in our land and from him are descended my father, Mohamed Boghor, and many other great men. And the tribes of Darod are the Warsangeli, the Dolbahanta, the Isman Mohamed of the Mijjer-tein, the Ogaden, and the Bartire.
'And Darod was beloved of God, and had great wisdom, and lived the life of a Muslim. He went among the people and spoke to them the words of the Prophet (upon whose name be praise) and turned away from our idols, and towards Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate.' Amiina, her story told, lay back and I kissed her. Later that evening, under a full moon, she danced for me the butterfly dance of the Mijjertein Somalis. But this night of enchantment was marred by the first whisperings of doubt in my mind, for she then brought up the vexed question of the date gardens at Ghesseli, passionately declaring that the Isman Mohamed were the rightful owners and not the despised Midgans. She angrily resisted my advances when I would not agree. We returned to Alula, both angry, and the doubt and suspicion grew until like the kherif outside, they screamed through my tortured mind that my love meant nothing to her, that she really loved Sheik Abdurraham Mursal's son and that she was just a tool of her father, the Sultan, and was merely pretending a love of make-believe in order to further the ends of her tribe.
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Night after night she persisted in her impassioned pleas, first coaxing and then furiously demanding that the date gardens be returned to the Isman Mohamed, and night after night I wearily resisted her blandish¬ments. There was no more love-making between us for she no longer spoke the intimate little endearments I wished to hear, and withheld from me her bewitching body for which I craved. One hot tropical night the end came suddenly with a violence which appalled me. Mouthing obscenities she screamed abuse in Somali at me. Her eyes went mad. She called me a 'waraba', a hermaphroditical dog. Inher violence she picked up a heavy steel ash-tray, hurling it at me and cutting my forehead.The warm blood flowed and mingled with the bitterness on my lips. I struck her—hard on the face with my open hand. She reeled across the room, her eyes extended with shock. Tears then flowed and she ran sobbing from the room, away into the empty night. What is love, I thought bitterly? That elusive something one tries to pluck out of the heavens with clutching hands and eager heart. Is it happiness? Ah! No! A little happiness, yes, during those all too brief ecstatic moments soon to be dispelled by long, weary, agonising hours of unhappiness, and then the hell of hate, for where does love begin and hate finish? Then comes the sword of jealousy—long and silvered. It bites through the breast. Not in one long, clean, quick thrust, but slowly questing as though doubting that awful finality. Reaching the heart it probes gently and its tip is withdrawn with just a touch of crimson. A thousand times it touches the target of love and then with one heart¬rending, final thrust it goes home and the blade is withdrawn fully crimsoned to the hilt.
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The heart is no more. There is no more love. Nothing to love with.
The months passed slowly now and I was in an agony to hear news of the war. I sent a letter to headquarters in Mogadishu requesting a relief so that I might be relieved and sent to a more active sphere. There was no answer.
My gramophone records had long since worn out and I had not had a drink for months. I brewed a kind of'grappa' from dates and added army ration plum jam, which turned it into a poisonous liqueur, but in the evenings its potency aided sleep. I could feel the utter loneliness closing in on me. I grew irritable when I found sand in the sugar although I had been used to it for almost a year now. I cursed Yusuf when I found him helping himself to a spoonful of my army plum jam. My last tin. A month later the long-awaited mail came up by diesel with the good news that I was to be relieved at last. The colonel himself was to visit Alula, bringing my relief up with him. The days and weeks went by monotonously. The nights were lonely without Amiina. I missed her laughter, her tantrums and her tears, but above all I missed her bewitching body with a longing that must remain unassuaged. A plume of dust over the sand dunes heralded the arrival of the colonel's convoy withmysuccessor, Keith. I saluted and shookhands with them both.
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'Well, Collins, you've had a long spell here,' said the colonel conver¬sationally. 'Are you fit?' He looked sharply at me.
I nodded dumbly and ushered them to the house. Haji Dif fussed around, shaking hands with his escort.
The guard commander turned out the guard and presented arms. He inspected them. Minutely. Each man stiffened to attention and gazed rigidly to his front. Gendarme Ali Jama had the top button of his tunic undone. The colonel flicked at the offending button-hole with his cane.
'Do it up,' he said.
Ali Jama quivered with fright, endeavoured to right the frightful enormity with fumbling fingers, then dropped his rifle.
'Pick it up,' rasped the colonel. I blushed.
'Dismiss the guard,' he ordered. I marched to their front, right-turned and stood to attention.
'Guard dis miss,' I shouted.
The guard commander and three men turned sharply to their right. Ali Jama turned to the left. Chaos.
'As you were,' I roared. 'Guard dis miss.' They marched off.
We had lunch. The colonel and Keith made small talk, I remained silent. After weeks of waiting for this moment I now resented their presence. I wanted to be alone again.
Kit inspection followed. There were eight spoons missing.
'Haji Dif,' called the colonel, 'ask these askaris where their spoons are.' The askaris remained silent.
'My fault, sir,' I mumbled. 'I borrowed them for tunny bait.' The colonel cocked a quizzical eyebrow at me.
I focused my eyes mesmerically on the red band encircling his cap. Keith sniggered.
'You did what?' snapped the colonel. I found my tongue at last and explained in great detail how a spinning spoon would attract tunny better than live bait. He was no Isaak Walton fan and was not amused.
'The hospital,' he said. We inspected it.
'The lines,' he said. We inspected them.
"The latrines,' he said. We inspected them. They smelt.
'The armoury,' he said. We inspected it. In a corner stood half a dozen spare carbines with bayonets attached. A spider had built an intricately laced web festooning the bayonet points. 'Pretty, sir,' I remarked lamely as he poked the web to pieces with his cane.
'The jail,' he said. I sweated.
147: end.

A Tear For Somalia
By Douglas Collins
end.

Ciidankii Daarood iyo Sarkaalkii Jubland 1914.

SOMALI WANT TO FIGHT

The New York Times, pg. 8
Nov 22, 1914

Jubaland Chiefs Send Plea to England to Join the Army
London, Nov. 10 – the London Times has received from a correspondent a copy of a petition signed by the principal Somali chiefs in Jubaland, asking that they be allowed to fight for

England. The document is as follows:
To His Highness the Governor,
Through the Hakim of Jubaland

Salaams, yea, many salaams, with God’s mercy, blessing, and peace. After Salaams,
We, the Somali of Jubaland, both Herti and Ogaden, comprising all the tribes and including the Maghaubul, but not including the [Tolomooge] Ogaden, who live in Biskaya and Tanaland and the Merehan, desire humbly to address you.

In former days the Somali have fought against the Government. Even lately the Marehan have fought against the Government. Now we have heard that the German Government have declared war on the English government. Behold, our "fitna" against the English Government is finished. As the Monsoon wind drives the sand hills of our coast into new forms, so does this this news of German evil-doing drive our hearts and spears into the service of the English Government. The Jubaland Somali are with the English Government. Daily in our mosques we pray for the success of the English armies. Day is as night and night is as day with us until we hear that the English are victorious. God knows the right. He will help the right. We have heard that the Indian Askaris have been sent to fight for us in Europe. Humbly we ask why should not the Somali fight for England also. We beg the Government to allow our warriors to show their loyalty. In former days the Somali tribes made fitna against each other. Even now it is so: it is our custom; yet with the Government against the Germans we are as one, ourselves, our warriors, our women, and our children. By God it is so.

A few days ago many troops of the military left this country to eat up the Germans who have invaded our country in Africa. May God prosper them. Yet, Oh Hakim, with all humbleness we desire to beg of the Government to allow our sons and warriors to take part in this great war against the German evildoer. They are ready. They are eager. Grant them the boon. God and Mohammed is with us all.

If Government wish to take away all the troops and police from Jubaland, it is good. We pledge ourselves to act as true Government askaries until they return.
We humbly beg that this our letter may be place at the feet of our King and Emperor, who lives in England, in token of our loyalty and our prayers.

Duulaankii Dayax Weerar iyo Caalya 1904

Horaantii qarnigii hore (1904) mudo lagu qiyaaso ayaa waxa dhacay weeraar u ku qaaday Wadaadkii Waalnaa iyo budhcad u watay reero Ciidagale ah. Weeraarkas waxa lagu magacaabay "Dayax Werrar" goor habeenimo ah bay ahayd iyo dagaal dhuumasho ah. Goobtaas waxay ku dhaceen dooxatadii la odhan jiray "Daraawiishta" 2000 oo halaad , ninka abaanduulaa ka ahaa geel qaadkana waxa la odhan jiray Shariif Cabdullaahi Shariif Cumar oo ahaa reerka Ashraaf la yidhaahdo.Waxa "oday ka sheekee" ahaan nagu soo gaadhay inu ina Cabdalle Xasan geel qaadkaas ka xumaa oo aanay marna talada ugu jirin in Suldaan Diiriye oo markaas ay xidid ahayeen sidu isagu sheegtay aanu taas ka qabin, inkastoo Suldaan Diiriye annu dhinacna Daarood ka soo gelin , hese yeeshe waxa laga yaabaa in ehelkiisu ka qabeen, wuxu yidhi ina Duuflaalku isagoo ka calaacalaya arinkaas:

Duuflaalkii:

Ciidagale ma daaroo,
an danqabi maayo;
Duubiyey calaamayn,
Diiriyaanu xididnoo;
Dayax weerar jeer hore
rag baa igu dukhuuloo.

Aw Jaamac Cabdi Ciise, Taariikhda Daraawiishta page 29.

Heyssheee geelii ma soo celin, wuxunu kala talaabay Shabeele oo Ogaadeen (Ammaadin) Suldaankooda ayuu Ina cabdilaahi Xasan gabadh ku weydiistay. Suldaankii Ogaadeen ayaa diiday geel ana ahayn geelii Ciidagale laga soo dhacay inu gabadha yarad uga qaato. Wadaadkii waa kala dardaarmoo wuxu yidhi Ciidagale geela waa ka daba iman doonaane geelaa kale qaado. Suldaankii Ogadeen baa yidhi "Ciidagale oo Shabeele noo dhexeeyo halkay ii soo mari " geelii sidaas buu Ogadeen ugu gacan galay.Ciidagale waxay geellii daydayaanba mudu ka dib ayuu Maxamuud Ducaale Suldaan Guuleed soo ogaaday halku geelii ku danbeeyay, Maxamuud Ducaale wuxu ahaa nin taariikh mug ah ku dhex lehaa Isaaqa , wuxu ahaa nin ay rag faro badani ku dhaadan jireen waxay walaalo ahaayen Nuur Ducaale Dhagacun iyo Qawdhan Ducaale , wuxu ahaa nin hada iyo jeer laga bilaabi 1870-1910kii ka dhex muuqan jiray maansooyinka iyo dagaalada , geesigii iyo gabyaagii weynaa ee Xuseen Xasan waa ninku tebey markii Berbera lagu xidhay 1889kii: marku lahaa :

Suldaankiyo cuqaashii miyaan sixin khabaarkayga

Saaxiibkey Maxamuud miyaa seegay marinkiisa

Isagaase xaajada sirgaxan saababayn jiraye

Sahlanaa amuurteydu sow lalama sooyaamo.

Nuur Suldaan Faarax Suldaan Guuleed "Nuur Tayo" ooy isku jiil ahaayeen ayaa waagi u saldanada waayay ee ka dibna la boqray suldaan Diiriye Suldaan Xasan (1877kii) isagoo 15 jir ah , ayaa isagoo saluugsan wiilka yar ee u adeerka u yahay ee laga doortay ayaa isagoo suldaan Diiriye na duraya Ciidagale na la hadlaya isagoo markaas le hadii aan anigu talin lahaa sidan ma noqteen iyo hadii Maxamuud la waayo yaa reerka u talin , wuxu yidhi:

Haday alalegti aniga tahay lama idlaadeene
Geelii irdaha weyn lahaa inaba yaa daajin
Isha baryada yaa idinla tagi arinka liitooba
Maxamuud hadii iilka la dhigo yaa armin doona

Maxamuud wuxu ahaa ninkaas ku caan baxay talada, Maxamuud Ducaale oo d'a ah ayaa ku dardaaramay in geela naawlistiisa looga dhigo abaanduule isagoo waagaas d'a ahaa ,sidii baana loo yeelay . Geelii Webiga daashiisa baa laga soo qaaday Ogaadeenkii , 200 iyo 1000 kale oo dheeraad ah. Geeraarkan dheer ayuu Xaye Galaydh mariyay ka dib markii geela la soo qaaday isagoo kana mid ahaa gaaskii geela soo qaaday. Xaye geeraarkan wuxu kaga sheekaynayaa meelahay geela la soo mareen oo dhan iyo goobahay ku jareen Ogadeenkay geela ka soo maroorsadeen. Geelaas wuxu ahaa geelii la magac baxay "Caalya".

Geeraar waa nin godkiisiyo

Garanaaya higaadiiyo

Nin libaax ku gullaalo

Gabi oodan jafaayoo

Sidii goodir haraadoo

Aar gabnii laga laayoo

Goortii Aadmigu seexday

Guux hadaan ledi waaye

Afartaan isu geeyey

Maan gollaana ka sheego

Iyadoo gallimaadiyo

Naloo geeystay waxyeeloo

Oo gogoshii qaban weynay

Kuwii soo gatay moodka

War ma la noo galbiyeenoo

Faqi noo go'ay maanta

Faran geela ku raagiyo

Gadaanley wada buuxdiyo

Ma la gaadhnay sibraarka

Geeddigii u horeeyey

Goolmadooobiyo Quus

Galabtii ma marnay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Daroor maw gudubnoo

Geela mawgu qalnay

Geeddigii ka dameeyay

Colkiiyoo kala giigoo

Xaajadii gudahiisa

Ninba meel ka goldoonay

Guurtidaanu u soocniyo

Garyaqanku ma fiirshoo

Geesigii Maxamuud

Guddoonkii ma ku deyney

Gaashaan dheeg wiyileedloo

Ma guud saarnay caleentoo

Sidii gaalka Talyaani

Gaardi mayskula meernay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Gigadii Qorituur

Gaado aanu ku laynay

Reer Dhagood maku giirtay?

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Gadhka Waadhida-Heela

Awrku maw gelin daaqay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Galka Dhiito dusheeda

Caanihii hasha geydhiyo

Galaan maysku biyeynoogalxood maysla noqdeen

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Sida roobka Gu'Soora

Gaatan meel xeradeeda

Ma guulaamo dhaqaaqnay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Geligii Cillanaa

Gaadiidkaanu ku laynay

Gaajadii ma ku reebnay

Geedigii ka dambeyay

Nin doonaa ha gunuufee

Gurmad hayska mareenoo

Ha gees qaado digniintuye

Godka Aw Cali jiifiyo

Kolkaannu Heele? gudbayney

Inaanan gabanaynin

Gunti mayska helnay.

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Galbeed masu majiirnoo

Geela naawilidiisa

Guclaroor ma ahayn

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

XidhGalool ma ahaynoo

Fardaha maw galgalsiinay

Geeddigii ka dambeyey

Galladiid dhinaceeda

Gawaantii la fadhiistay

Geesaa maw kala boodnoo

Goohu maysu baxaayey

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Kolkaanu gaanka Hudduudo

Golaneyney biyaa??

Leexadii cirka gaadhay

Galawgu iyo Fiintu

Galiyaay ma ku waashay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Gooradiisa ma qaadnoo

Sidii gaas ma maraynoo

Garbo maw hadhasaneynay

Geedigii ka ambeeyey

Meel guyaal laga raagoo

Baryo ood lagu gooyniyo

Taliskii? dadka gooyiyo

Guuto loogu casuumay

Ma guullay habeennoo

Midhaa maw guranaynay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Gudihii Webigii iyo (Shabeele)

Gudcurkay fadhiyeen

Arrinkaanu gorfaynay

Gaadiidka naga reebiyo

Guul inoogu dhaqaaajiyo

Inoo gaabsha dhawaaqiyo

Guhaad maysku aloosnay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Habeenkaas gidigiis

Gucleroor ma ahayn

Geeddigii ka dambeyay

Kolku waagu guduutay

Annkoo gildhigii iyo

Isu geynay rasaasta

Weerarkii gigta yeedhay

Gurmad aaran kaxeeyoo?.......................

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Geelu haysu yimaadee

Xigsin maysku garaacnoo

Ul Galool maku taagnay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Kuwii Goodir liskeediyo

Galxoodkeeda dhamaayay

Geetaan kaanu ka reebnay

Gamiguuu curanaaya

Gega mayska arkeenoo

Madhiinkii gurxamaayiyo

Gooska maysla abaarnay

Goda-xiis dabadeeda

Ma gogleeyey Tukuu

Geeddigii ka dameeyay

Iyadoo Gesiluub?

Gaashaankii nagu raacdoo

Gubad qiiqii la moodo

Durba maysla galcoonoo

Ka Gar mays daba joogtay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Habeenkaa garbiyaay iyo

Gudimooyin u qaatiyo

Guri looma haleelee

Intoo laysu gadaamay

Gardiidkay cararaysay

Gujo mawgu labaynay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyey

Goolibaadhkiyo faylkiyo

Siidhigii gantamaayay

Gaadhba mays dalbanaayey

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Habeenkaa gidigii iyo

Gadoobkey Ledo yeedhayiyo

Garridaannu tubanayniyo

Goobo Dhoobiyo baana

Ma gariiray dhulkii

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Geelashay dhaqaayeen

Gaajadii ma ku reebnay

Geedigii ka dambeeyay

Ayaxoo gala waabshiyo

Sidii geed timireedka

Iyadoo gudguduudan

Gabnaa loo tirinaayo

Dhaankii mawla galnay

Geeddigii ka dambeeyay

Waa rag soo guddi laabtay

Gabalkoo ...............

Garab-weynta candhaysito

Gannabaa rati qoodh iyo

Gocaydii la lisaayiyo

Gurboodkii yaryaraa iyo

Kolba goosan ma soocnoo

Ma loo goostay qoryaa

Gujiyey oo iska dhaafee

Raga qaar hal godobeediyo

Hanoo geysto canaanoo

Intii gaal na cabiidshee

Gammankii naga oodmay

Rag dagaalka ka guulmiyo

Hana moodo gobtoodoo

Geedaa ... ku yaaliyo

Garxoor haw sahansheeno

Oo ganuunkaan ka jibeeniyo
Kolbay geel ha na jiidhee

Annagooo ganna mooyee

Walee gaadh nabadeed

Baan gudub loo wadaa seexan.

Qamaan Bulxan iyo Xarbi Dheere iyo Gaalkii Caasrhe Dheere iyo baratankii Ogaadeen

Caarshe Dheere ninkay somali u taqaanay ama Sir Geffory Archer

Qamaan Bulxan iyo Xarbi Dheere iyo Gaalkii Caasrhe Dheere iyo baratankii Ogaadeen

Reerka Daaroodka oo u kala baratami jiray amaanka gaalada ayaa , waxa dhacday arin ku ugub ah taariikhda suugaanyahanka somali, taariikhdaas oo ah labada gabyaa ee ugu caansan sooyaalka Maansada Daarood oo kala ah Xarbi Ismaaciil Dheere iyo Qamaan Bulxan Yuusuf, inkastooy isku hal jufo ahaayeen hadana taas kamay hor joogsan tartankay ugu jireen Ingiiriska, ayagoo u kala dheelaya reer Isaaq iyo reer Cabdille ayay mar ay taariikhdu ahayd 1916kii magaala Hargaysa ugu yimaadeen Caarashe Dheere ninkii la odhan jiray oo ahaa
Maamulaa u sareeya muxamiyadii Ingiriiska ee Somaliland, weli laguma hayo duug seebta soomaali , 2 gabayaa oo caan ah iyo reerkooda oo dhaato iyo geeraar ku amaanaya Ingiriiska iyo Isticimaarka,: Waxa u horeeyay ciyaarta iyo dhaanta xarbi Dheere iyo reer Isaaq oo yidhi:

Ban dabeyl uma baahna,
Duudi geed uma baahna
Durdur laas umabaahna
Qoraxadoo duhurjoogtiyo
Dayaxa nuur uma baahna
Dab kuleyl uma baahna
Daad qabow uma baahna
Dixda ceelka Hargaysaiyo
Dalal oon uma baahna
Danley xaas uma baahna
Daarood heyb uma baahna
Sibii duur iyo Hawd
Iyo dareemo uma baahna
Caarshe deeqiyo dood iyo
Dad baad xukuntaaiyo
Daallacaad uma baahna

Dhaantadii reer Cabdille oo u wato Qamaan Bulaxan oo amaanya Ingiriis iyo Caarshe Dheere
ayagoo ka hinaasay Xarabi Dheere oo ahaa reer Isaaq ayaa isna yidhi.
Ninkii cududlaa ciyaari karee
Miyuu Caarshe caawa joogaa
Dhandhaamo codkoodu waa caane
Cir nidhye car yaa cub soo celiya
Caleen iyo ubax carfoon badanbaa
Caarshoo mudan caawa loo sidaye.

Qamaan iyo dhaantadii Ingiiriska ay u ciyaareen ayagoo Daraawiish duraya:

Raggi Qoraxay qalaafoo jiroo
Qamaan u hormood yaahan nahaye
Daraawiish raggii ka diiday colkoo
Dagaal ka horjeediyaan nahaye
Ragaan ka baqayn balaayada oo
Badheedh u beer dhigaan nahaye.
Sidii ololka iftiin badanow
Caarshow wiil amiiraad tahaye
Sidii onkodkii arkaa baxayaa
Dhaandhaamo afkoodii weeyaan
Daraawiish raggii ku duuli jiroo
Deldeler doorarkoodii baanu nahay
Taleex ninka degay ku deyn meynee
Annana waan ku daafacaynaa
Inu Xarbi xoolo gabay cuno
Xalaalnimo kuma istaahilo


Ninkii cududlaa ciyaari karee
Caleen iyo ubax carfoon badanbaa
Caarshoo mudan caawa loo sidaye
Ninkii calan le baa caweyn karayee
Ingiriis cududiisu weynaa

Geeraarkii Qamaan Bulxan u tiriyey Caarshe Dheere
isagaa ka baryaya in mid Ogaadeen ah loo soo daayo
oo ciyaarteeda dhexdeed ka amaanay Duuflaalkii, ingiriisna jeelka dhigeen:

Tiro laysku sargooyoon
Ka saraynin labaatanoo
Siman baanu ahayn
Ma sagaal iyo tobanoo
Sareeyow ku tagnaa?
Sarkaal baad tahay weynoo
Aduunka socodkiisuu
Dhan walba kuula sabeeyo
Maskaxdaad kayar saartee
Samatarkii xalayto
Intu seeraha dhaafay
Wadaadkii la saftay
Saajinkii cawarnaa iyo
Subaygiii la tageen
Saaxiib baanu ahayne
Miyaanu saab ka tagnaa
Abaalkiisa la siiyay
Gacantan aan ku sidno
Sidee baanu u galnaa?

Qamaan Bulxan (Taariikhiyo Maanso)
Muqdisho: Axmed Cabdi Heybe 1980.